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While administrating a box, you may wanted to find out what a processes is doing and find out how many file descriptors (fd) are being used. You will surprised to find out that process does open all sort of files:
=> Actual log file
=> Actual log file
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Since streams are implemented in terms of file descriptors, you can extract the file descriptor from a stream and perform low-level operations directly on the file descriptor. You can also initially open a connection as a file descriptor and then make a stream associated with that file descriptor. Pointers to the Open File Table: One process can have multiple file descriptors point to the same entry (e.g., as a result of a call to dup) Multiple processes (e.g., a parent and child) can have file descriptors that point to the same entry; Pointers to the i-Node Table.
Talking to Device Files (writes and IOCTLs) Device files are supposed to represent physical devices. Most physical devices are used for output as well as input, so there has to be some mechanism for device drivers in the kernel to get the output to send to the device from processes. Managing File Descriptors Safely Problem When your program starts up, you want to make sure that only the standard stdin, stdout, and stderr file descriptors are open, - Selection from Secure Programming Cookbook for C and C Book.
=> /dev files
![Open file descriptor 0 dev ttys000 c 2 Open file descriptor 0 dev ttys000 c 2](/uploads/1/2/6/1/126157086/737037785.png)
=> UNIX Sockets
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=> Network sockets
=> Library files /lib /lib64
=> Executables and other programs etc
In this quick post, I will explain how to to count how many file descriptors are currently in use on your Linux server system.
Step # 1 Find Out PID
To find out PID for mysqld process, enter:
OR
Output:
# ps aux | grep mysqld
OR
# pidof mysqld
Output:
Step # 2 List File Opened By a PID # 28290
Use the lsof command or /proc/$PID/ file system to display open fds (file descriptors), run:
OR
You can count open file, enter:
# lsof -p 28290
# lsof -a -p 28290
OR
# cd /proc/28290/fd
# ls -l | less
You can count open file, enter:
# ls -l | wc -l
Tip: Count All Open File Handles
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To count the number of open file handles of any sort, type the following command:
Sample outputs:
# lsof | wc -l
Sample outputs:
List File Descriptors in Kernel Memory
Type the following command:
Sample outputs:
# sysctl fs.file-nr
Sample outputs:
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Where,
- 1020 The number of allocated file handles.
- 0 The number of unused-but-allocated file handles.
- 70000 The system-wide maximum number of file handles.
You can use the following to find out or set the system-wide maximum number of file handles:
Sample outputs:
# sysctl fs.file-max
Sample outputs:
See how to set the system-wide maximum number of file handles under Linux for more information.
More about /proc/PID/file & procfs File System
/proc (or procfs) is a pseudo-file system that it is dynamically generated after each reboot. It is used to access kernel information. procfs is also used by Solaris, BSD, AIX and other UNIX like operating systems. Now, you know how many file descriptors are being used by a process. You will find more interesting stuff in /proc/$PID/file directory:
- /proc/PID/cmdline : process arguments
- /proc/PID/cwd : process current working directory (symlink)
- /proc/PID/exe : path to actual process executable file (symlink)
- /proc/PID/environ : environment used by process
- /proc/PID/root : the root path as seen by the process. For most processes this will be a link to / unless the process is running in a chroot jail.
- /proc/PID/status : basic information about a process including its run state and memory usage.
- /proc/PID/task : hard links to any tasks that have been started by this (the parent) process.
See also: /proc related FAQ/Tips
/proc is an essentials file system for sys-admin work. Just browser through our previous article to get more information about /proc file system:
- I also recommend reading /proc file system related document, and lsof man page to get a better understanding about fd and files.
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